MODAL PERFECTS

The following is a very useful and comprehensible information about MODAL PERFECTS. Take a deep look at it and improve what we learned in class preparing for the mid-term evaluation next friday 5th August,2016.

All modal perfect auxiliary verbs refer to the past.

FORM: Modal + Have (Infinitive) + Past Participle

1. must have done = we are almost sure something happened in the past

• Jane wasn't feeling well yesterday. She must have caught a cold.
• Bill didn't answer the phone when I called him. He must have fallen asleep.

2. can't have done = we are almost sure something did not happen in the past

• She can't have forgotten to send you an invitation. I gave her your address.
• They can't have gone to bed late. They were very tired.

3. may / might / could have done = it is possible that something happened in the past but we aren't sure.

• Laura hasn't arrived yet. She may/might/could have missed the bus.
• I didn't see Paul at work. He may/might/could have been ill.

4. could have done = we had the ability to do something in the past but did not do it.

• You could have told us about the new project!
• She could have called me when she arrived but she forgot.

5. should have / ought to have done = (a) it was the right thing to do but we didn't do it. (b) we expected something to happen but it didn't.

• You should have told him the truth.
• They ought to have received the cheque by now.

6. would have done = we wanted to do something but we didn't do it in the end.

• They would have emailed you but the Internet was down yesterday.
• I would have bought that DVD but I didn't have enough money.

7. needn't have done = it wasn't necessary to do something but we did it.

• You needn't have gone to the supermarket. I've already done the shopping.
• The weather was warm and sunny. I needn't have taken an umbrella.

Could have, should have, would have

These past modal verbs are all used hypothetically, to talk about things that didn't really happen in the past.

Could have + past participle

1: Could have + past participle means that something was possible in the past, or you had the ability to do something in the past, but that you didn't do it. (See also modals of ability.)

• I could have stayed up late, but I decided to go to bed early.
• They could have won the race, but they didn't try hard enough.
• Julie could have bought the book, but she borrowed it from the library instead.
• He could have studied harder, but he was too lazy and that's why he failed the exam.

Couldn't have + past participle means that something wasn't possible in the past, even if you had wanted to do it.

• I couldn't have arrived any earlier. There was a terrible traffic jam (= it was impossible for me to have arrived any earlier).
• He couldn't have passed the exam, even if he had studied harder. It's a really, really difficult exam.

2: We use could have + past participle when we want to make a guess about something that happened in the past. (See also modals of probability.) In this case, we don't know if what we're saying is true or not true. We're just talking about our opinion of what maybe happened.

Why is John late?

• He could have got stuck in traffic.
• He could have forgotten that we were meeting today.
• He could have overslept.

We can also choose to use might have + past participle to mean the same thing:

• He might have got stuck in traffic.
• He might have forgotten that we were meeting today.
• He might have got stuck in traffic.

Should have + past participle

1: Should have + past participle can mean something that would have been a good idea, but that you didn't do it. It's like giving advice about the past when you say it to someone else, or regretting what you did or didn't do when you're talking about yourself.

Shouldn't have + past participle means that something wasn't a good idea, but you did it anyway.

• I should have studied harder! (= I didn't study very hard and so I failed the exam. I'm sorry about this now.)
• I should have gone to bed early (= I didn't go to bed early and now I'm tired).
• I shouldn't have eaten so much cake! (= I did eat a lot of cake and now I don't feel good.)
• You should have called me when you arrived (= you didn't call me and I was worried. I wish that you had called me).
• John should have left early, then he wouldn't have missed the plane (= but he didn't leave early and so he did miss the plane).

2: We can also use should have + past participle to talk about something that, if everything is normal and okay, we think has already happened. But we're not certain that everything is fine, so we use 'should have' and not the present perfect or past simple. It's often used with 'by now'.

• His plane should have arrived by now (= if everything is fine, the plane has arrived).
• John should have finished work by now (= if everything is normal, John has finished work).

We can also use this to talk about something that would have happened if everything was fine, but hasn't happened.

• Lucy should have arrived by now, but she hasn't.

Would have + past participle

1: Part of the third conditional.

• If I had had enough money, I would have bought a car (but I didn't have enough money, so I didn't buy a car).

2: Because 'would' (and will) can also be used to show if you want to do something or not (volition), we can also use would have + past participle to talk about something you wanted to do but didn't. This is very similar to the third conditional, but we don't need an 'if clause'.

• I would have gone to the party, but I was really busy.
  (= I wanted to go to the party, but I didn't because I was busy. If I hadn't been so busy, I would have gone to the party.)

• I would have called you, but I didn't know your number.
  (= I wanted to call you but I didn't know your number, so I didn't call you.)

• A: Nobody volunteered to help us with the fair
  B: I would have helped you. I didn't know you needed help.
  (= If I had known that you needed help, I would have helped you.)

MODAL PERFECTS EN ESPAÑOL.
MODAL PERFECTS SPANISH

VIDEO CLASS

SLIDE SHARE

EXERCISES

Could Have Should Have Would Have Exercise 1
1. I ___________________________________ (buy) bread but I didn’t know we needed it. (past possibility)
2. We ___________________________________ (invite) so many people to our party! I’m worried that we won’t have enough room for everyone. (past negative advice / regret)
3. I ___________________________________ (start) saving money years ago! (past advice / regret) 4. We ___________________________________ (join) you at the restaurant, but we couldn’t get a babysitter. (past willingness)
5. The weather ___________________________________ (be) any worse! (past negative possibility)
6. I ___________________________________ (arrive) on time, even if I’d left earlier. There were dreadful traffic jams all the way. (past negative possibility)
7. They ___________________________________ (win) the football match, but John hurt his ankle. (past possibility)
8. Amanda ___________________________________ (finish) the work, but she felt ill and had to go home. (past willingness)
9. Lucy ___________________________________ (left) earlier. She missed her flight. (past advice / regret)
10. We ___________________________________ (finish) the game, even if we’d wanted to. It was raining very hard and we had to stop. (past negative possibility)
11. I ___________________________________ (eat) so much chocolate! I feel sick! (past negative advice / regret)
12. Luke ___________________________________ (pass) the exam if he’d studied a bit more. (past possibility)
13. John ___________________________________ (call) Amy, but he didn’t have her number. (past willingness)
 14. You ___________________________________ (be) rude to him. He’s going to be really angry now. (past negative advice / regret)
15. She ___________________________________ (come) to the restaurant if she’d left work earlier. (past possibility)
16. You ___________________________________ (take) this job. I can see you’re not enjoying it. (past negative advice / regret)
17. The race was really difficult. She ___________________________________ (win) because she’s not fit enough. (past negative possibility)
18. Our neighbours ___________________________________ (cut) down the tree in their garden. It was a really beautiful tree. (past negative advice / regret)
19. The children ___________________________________ (do) their homework last night. Then they wouldn’t be panicking on the way to school. (past advice / regret)
20. I’m really cold! I ___________________________________ (bring) my coat. (past advice / regret)
21. I ___________________________________ (come) to see you! I didn’t know you were ill. (past willingness)
22. Andrew ___________________________________ (go) to Cambridge University, but he decided to travel instead. (past possibility)
23. They ___________________________________ (be) kinder to me. They were absolutely lovely. (past negative possibility)
24. You ___________________________________ (buy) some milk at the shops. We don’t have any milk. (past advice / regret)
25. They ___________________________________ (come) to have breakfast with us, but they went to bed too late the night before. (past willingness).

GOOD LUCK!!!